John Calvin acknowledged divine accommodation in scientific matters.
It is easy to see that this revered Reformation theologian did not ascribe to a view that the Bible is verbally accurate even in matters of astronomy and therefore can be used as a scientific textbook. Instead he candidly recognized that Moses did not offer scientific description. Possibly even more crucial he did NOT assert that astronomers had to make their own discoveries conform to the level of understanding found in the Bible. Calvin wrote in his Genesis commentary concerning chaper one, verse sixteen:
16. The greater
light I
have said, that Moses does not here subtilely descant, as a philosopher,
on the secrets of nature, as may
be seen in these words. First, he assigns a place in the expanse of
heaven to the planets and stars; but astronomers make a
distinction of spheres, and, at the same
time, teach that the fixed stars
have their proper place in the firmament. Moses makes two great
luminaries; but astronomers prove, by
conclusive reasons that the star of Saturn, which on account
of its great distance, appears the least of all, is greater than the
moon.
Here lies the difference;
Moses wrote in a popular style things which without instruction, all
ordinary persons, endued with
common sense, are able to understand; but astronomers investigate with
great labor whatever the
sagacity of the human mind can comprehend. Nevertheless,
this study is not to be reprobated, nor
this science to be condemned,
because some frantic persons are wont boldly to reject whatever is
unknown to them. For astronomy is
not only pleasant, but also very useful to be known: it cannot
be denied that this art unfolds
the admirable wisdom of God. Wherefore, as ingenious men are to
be honored who have expended
useful labor on this subject, so they who have leisure and capacity
ought not to neglect this kind of
exercise. Nor did Moses truly wish to withdraw us from this pursuit
in omitting such things as are
peculiar to the art; but because he was ordained a teacher as well of
the unlearned and rude as of the
learned, he could not otherwise fulfill his office than by descending
to this grosser method of
instruction. Had he spoken of things generally unknown, the uneducated
might have pleaded in excuse that
such subjects were beyond their capacity. Lastly since the Spirit
of God here opens a common school for all, it is not surprising that he
should chiefly choose those
subjects which would be intelligible to all. If the astronomer inquires
respecting the actual dimensions
of the stars,
he will find the moon to be less than Saturn; but this is something abstruse,
for to the
sight it appears differently. Moses, therefore, rather adapts his discourse to common
usage. For
since the Lord stretches forth,
as it were, his hand to us in causing us to enjoy the brightness of the
sun and moon, how great would be
our ingratitude were we to close our eyes against our own
experience? There is therefore no
reason why janglers should deride the unskillfulness of Moses in
making the moon the second
luminary; for he does not call us up into heaven, he only proposes
things which lie open before our
eyes. Let the astronomers possess their more exalted knowledge;
but, in the meantime, they who perceive
by the moon the splendor of night, are convicted by its
use of perverse ingratitude unless they acknowledge
the beneficence of God.
71 “Great lights;” that is, in our eyes, “to which the sun and moon are nearer than the fixed stars and the greater planets.” —
Johannes Clericus in Genesin, p.10. — Ed.
72 The reader will be in no danger of being misled by the defective natural philosophy of the age in which this was written.
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